Units 20-22

Unit 22. The Return

The Professor woke up in the park near Dr Applebaum’s house. He still didn’t know where he was or what year it was. He heard a fire alarm and saw a fire engine drive past him. The streets and the cars looked familiar. He was back in London. “Could I finally be home?” he asked himself.

He walked towards Dr Applebaum’s house, but his excitement soon turned to fear. The fire brigade was outside the house, and there was a huge blazing fire burning inside. Dr Applebaum was been taken out on a stretcher. The doctor was barely conscious but he was able to ask if James had brought anything back with him from the past. James suddenly remembered the charm given to him by Ula. He took it out of his pocket and showed it to the doctor, who smiled weakly and then lost consciousness. The ambulance took him away, leaving James standing alone, holding the charm.

As he stood watching the doctor’s house burn, James’s wife, Mary, came running down the street. She threw her arms around him and told him how worried she had been about him he hadn’t come home after his lecture. Then she had thought he might be at Dr Applebaum’s house, which was on fire. She was afraid something had happened to him.

As Mary stood back, she saw the charm in her husband’s hand and smiled. James glanced at it and said that a lot had happened to him that day. He thought of telling her the whole story but then decided that it would be better to wait until they got home. Mary put her arms round his shoulders, kissed him and said, “Happy anniversary, darling.” James’s face reddened; he had forgotten that it was the day of their twentieth wedding anniversary.

As they walked home, Mary told him that she had found the charm in an antique shop. The saleswoman there had told her it was an authentic Viking artifact, and, as she knew how much her husband loved the story of the Vikings, she had bought it. She explained that she had put it in his pocket hoping that he would find it during the day. James smiled and told her it was the perfect anniversary present, but quietly he wondered, “What about Ula?”

Dr Applebaum died. His house and his laboratory had been destroyed in the fire, so James never found out exactly how he had travelled through time, or if, in fact, he had. He began to think that it had all been just a dream. The places, he thought he had visited, were all places whose history he had studied. Perhaps it was all in his mind.

But how had he got to the park? Why had the doctor asked him if he’d brought anything back? Suddenly, he remembered his notebook, but it was gone.

Grammar:

Someone will repair my car. – I will have MY CAR repaired.(by someone)

Someone is making a cake for me. – I am having A CAKE made.

Someone has typed my report. – I have had MY REPORT typed.

Someone cut my hair. – I had MY HAIR cut.

Unit 21. A Modern Myth.

To celebrate twenty years of Star Wars, director George Lucas has finally released the film as he originally intended it to be. He has always said that the trilogy – which includes Star Wars, The Empire strikes back and The Return of the Jedi – was never as good as he had wanted. After years of watching these films on video, you can experience this thrilling space adventure again in the cinema and with fantastic sound.

The trilogy is a classic tale of the fight between good and evil. However, instead of happening on the earth, the action takes place “…a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away.” It involves not only humans but all sorts of frightening, and sometimes amusing, robots and alien creatures. The heroes of the trilogy are Luke Skywalker, Han Solo and Princess Leia, who work together to fight Dark Vader, the evil leader who wants to take over the universe.

Excellent performances are given by stars Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Alec Guinness and Mark Hamill, but the special effects play bigger role than any of the actors. There are amazing space battles and gigantic, fighting robots with laser weapons. You’ll certainly enjoy incredible chases on floating motorbikes. You will also be fascinated by some of the strangest creatures you’ve ever seen in completely convincing alien landscapes.

George Lucas says: “When I made the original Star Wars, I was very interested in creating a modern myth. Greek mythology, or mythology of any country, often takes place in unknown area…and the only we have now which is like that is outer space.” With this fantastic trilogy, Lucas has certainly succeeded in creating a myth that will never be forgotten. Even if you have seen the original films, you should definitely not miss the chance to experience the Star Wars trilogy as Lucas really wanted it to be.

Grammar:

1)It was such a boring film that I fell asleep. (What is a film like?)

I was bored watching that film. (How does a person feel?)

2) I would rather go (V) to the cinema than watch TV.

I would prefer to go (to+V) to the cinema rather than watch TV.

I prefer dancing(V+ing) to singing (V+ing). I prefer fish(N) to meat (N).

I prefer to watch (to+V) concerts rather than watch films

3) I love Mongolia. – So do I. / I don’t like TV. – Neither/Nor do I.

I had a great vacation. – So did I. / I won’t go to the party. – Neither/ Nor will I.

Unit 20 “Earth 3000”

The professor’s head felt heavy and his neck hurt.
He looked around and saw he was sitting on something like a white rubber carpet . A bubble-car flouting on air several inches above the carpet pulled up beside him. He saw that all the buildings around him were made of mirrors and glass. “This must be the future “ he thought.

A woman wearing a white plastic suit and strange shoes got out of car and asked him was all right. Her name was Glynis , and she was a doctor. James didn’t know what year it was , and when he heard it was the year 3000 he could hardly believe it. He told Glynis he was from the 21 st century. She thought perhaps he hurt him self , and asked him to come to her office for an examination. Glynis found nothing wrong with him. As she was examining James he noticed that her skin and hair were completely different to his. Hers was so shiny and perfect that it didn’t look real.

James explained what had happened to him , and he asked if any sort of time machine had been developed so that he could get home. Glynis said there wasn’t one , but suggested they look up his name on computer to see what information it might have on him. They found that the computer only had information on him , up to the day he begun traveling through time. Next to that day it said “presumed dead’.

He couldn’t understand it. Did that mean he never made it back to the present ?
Would he always be traveling though time? He asked Glynisif could take him to home town . Perhaps he could find where Dr Applebuam used to live. Maybe there was secret passage under his house . Glynis looked at him sadly.

That’s impossible she said . “The word as you knew it been destroyed”. Glynis drove him to place where he could view the old word . During the drive, she told him what had happened. The sun had melted most of the ice in the earth’s polar areas, causing worldwide flooding . The earth’s temperature had risen , and thousands of people had died. Finally , on 2.300 , the word government had helped build glass shields around the highest areas of the earth to protect people from the sun and the water.

“Perhaps that’s why our hair and skin are so different “ Glynis said .”We no longer have natural sunlight or air”. She took him to the edge of the glass shield where he could see miles and miles of water. There were video screens set up along a walkway which showed the Statue of Liberty, the Eiffel Tower , big Ben and the Acropolis , all underwater . There was a large circular hole full of water nearby. There were pipes taking water out of it to a nearby factory . Every few minutes , the water sucked out, then refilled from below. Glynis explained that this was how they got water from outside and changed it into clean , usable water. James went close to the edge to look down into it. “ Professor ! Don’t “ Glynis screamed .

But was too late . The water was sucked out, the force of the air around it pulled him inside. When the bottom opened , he was pulled from the future word , underwater, to the old world where he used to live.

1. Rubber - эрзээн , каучиг
2. flouting bubble-car -
3. inches – ямх =2,54
4. pulled up – зогссон /машин тэрэг/
5. noticed - анхаарах
6. examination. – шалгалт, узлэг
7. hardly – дөнгөн данган, арай чүү
8. developed -өндөр хөгжсөн
9. suggested – зөвлөх санал болгох
10. look up – сайжрах , дээрлэх ,дээшлэх
11. presumed – таамаглах, тааварлах
12. passage – нөгцөөх, өнгөрөөх
13. melted – хайлсан, гэссэн
14. worldwide – даян дэлхийн, дэлхий даяар
15. rise - өсөх дээшлэх
16. polar – туйлын
17. shine – гэрэл гялбаа
18. flooding – үерлэх , бөөн юм
19. edge зах ирмэг
20. nearby. – хөрш зэргэлдээ
21. pipe –хоолой, дамжуулах
22. sucked – хөхсөн, балгасан
23. refill – дахин дээшлэх
24. usage – үг хэрэглэх ёс
25. force –бяр чадал тэнхээ
26. bottom - ёроол

Units 17- 19

Unit 17

Crocodiles.

For centuries, people lived with and respected the all-powerful crocodile. Those snapping jaws and lethal teeth frightened all attackers away, whether human or animal. People were also fascinated by their characteristic calls, their beauty and their intelligence. Unfortunately, it was their beautiful skin which put them under treat. When explorers realized how valuable crocodile skin was, everything changed. Hunters risked their lives – and sometimes lost them – in order to satisfy the world’s demand for crocodile skin.

Worse was to come. The crocodiles’ homes began to disappear as new towns and industries were developed on the land near swamps and rivers. Luckily for the crocodiles, people realized that a world without them would just not be the same, and now they have been officially declared an endangered species. In some parts of the world, there are now parks where crocodiles may live safely, with laws to protect them.

“It’s illegal to kill crocodiles,” says conservationist Charles Swaby, who has spent the last thirty years protecting the Jamaican crocodiles. The problem is that when farm animals are killed by crocodiles, farmers ignore the law and kill them. This is what Charles is fighting against. “Crocodiles are much more scared of us than we are of them. They are scary but lovely to watch,” he adds. If Charles, and the others like him, can convince the world to share this opinion, crocodiles will be with us forever.

Wolves.

The big bad wolf eats the poor little pig or chases Little Red Riding Hood. The brave young hunter comes along and – Bang! – the wolf is dead. Unfortunately, in some parts of the world there are no more wolves living in the wild. And all because the wolf has traditionally been seen as an evil enemy, in fact, this misunderstood animal has many virtues.

Wolves are superb hunters. They prefer hunting wild animals to domestic ones. They do net over-populate, but keep their numbers at the level they can feed. As for killing people, conservationists insist this is simply not true. “Wolves avoid people. We have to teach the world that wolves only attack human beings in fairy tales.”

There are plans to bring wolves back to the wild areas of Scotland, but local people have doubts about the idea. “We want wolves back. They lived for thousands of years in Scotland – it’s their land – but we fear for our animals,” one farmer says. The government has announced that it will pay for any farm animals killed by wolves. People in favour of bringing the wolf back say this: “Let our children have the chance to hear a wolf howl at the moon on still, Scottish night, and let us be proud that we made it possible.”

Grammar:

1.A)They travelled by train because it was cheaper.

We camped near the river as it was safer.

Since she isn’t coming, we’ll go to the school without her.

Due to the fact that there was a fog, all plane departures have been cancelled.

1.B) Due to (Because of) the fog (N), all plane departures have been cancelled.

2) It was such a boring film that we almost fell asleep.

The film was so boring that we almost fell asleep.

Unit 18 “Problems of the Planet”

We have spent thousands of years fighting for our survival. Yet now we have dis¬covered that our planet is under threat and, to make matters worse, it's all our fault.

The rainforests are dying,.rare plant and animal species are disappearing, rivers and seas are being contaminated, crops are failing to grow, people are dying of hunger and the air is being polluted. It's time we woke up to these problems and started repairing the damage.

One of the major problems is the destruction of the rainforests in South America. They are home to half the world's species, and to millions of people. Moreover, the rainforests clean the air by absorbing carbon dioxide and giving out oxygen. The trees are being cut down for paper or to make room for cattle farms'. As a result, birds and animals lose their homes and die. This destruction is also bringing about changes in the climate, air pollution, flooding, drought and famine. If we continue to burn and cut down the rainforests as we are doing now, the earth will never be the same again.

Another big problem is water pollution. Do you like swimming in the sea or drinking a cool glass of water on a hot day? These simple pleasures may soon become a thing of the past. Factories are polluting our rivers and lakes with dan¬gerous chemicals. Oil tankers are releasing thick, black oil into our oceans. Tons and tons of industrial and domestic waste are poured into our seas. Consequently, sea life is threatened with extinction.

Air pollution is another important issue. The cars and factories in and around our cities are giving off dangerous fumes. In the past few years, more and more people than ever before have developed allergies and breathing problems. If we don't do something now, our cities will become impossible to live in.

Fortunately, it is not too late to solve these problems. We have the time, the money and even the technology to prepare the way for a better, cleaner and safer future. We can plant trees and adopt animals. We can create parks for endangered species. We can put pressure on those in power to take action. Together we can, save our planet. All we need to do is open our eyes and act immediately.

Threat
Fault
Species
Crops
Hunger
Damage
Destruction
Absorbing
Cattle farms
Flooding
Pollution
Releasing
Poured
Consequently
Sea life
Issue
Fumes
Adopt
Oil tankers
Survival
Act
Domestic waste
Dying
Climate
Famine
Breathing

Unit 19 “Quality or Quantity?”

You didn’t ask for it and you might not know about it. But you have probably already eaten some of it. It’s genetically engineered food. Perfectly round tomatoes all exactly the some size, long straight cucumbers and big fat chickens now a normal part of our diets. They are made that way by genetic engineering not by nature. Their genes have been changed.

Every living thing has genes. They are passed on from generation. They make sure that humans give birth to humans and cows give birth to cows. They also make sure that a dog cannot give birth to a frog, or an elephant to a horse. Genetic engineers take genes from on species for example a scorpion and transfer them to another for example corn. In this way a new life form is created. Genetic engineers put duck genes into chickens to make the chickens bigger. They put hormones into cows to make them produce more milk. They put genes from flowers into soya beans and from scorpions into corn. This thas not make them cheaper, tastier or healthier. It makes them easier and faster for the farmer to grow.

The effects of genetic engineering or our health are not known. Many of the genes which are used such as those of scorpions, rats, mice and moths are not part of our diet so we do not know low dangerous they maybe for example, people can develop allergies to ford which has been genetically engineered. The effects of genetic engineering on the natural world maybe disastrous. The engineering may create life forms, monsters that we cannot control. The new life forms have no natural habitat or home. They will have to find one fight for one or will for one. Moreover, the effects of these experiments can often be cruel. In American pigs were given human genes to make them bigger and less fatty. The pigs became very ill and began lose their eyesight.

Greenpeace is trying to prevent all such food experiments. Some but not all food companies are refusing to use genetically engineering foods. We must all be aware of what is happening. Some people believe, though, that genetic engineering could be the solution to the problem of famine. Plants which grow faster, or cows wich produce more milk, can save the lives of starring people. We would all like a better, healthier and longer life, and genetic engineering might give us this. On the other hand it maybe a dangerous experiment with nature. In the story, Frankenstein created such a terrible and dangerous monster that he had to destroy it. We must make sure that it remains a story and no more than that.

Units 14-16

Unit 14

A.

How many of us used to dream of joining the circus when we were children? Well, Chris Sayers, a trapeze artist at Zippo’s Circus, did just that. It took him ten years of training before he felt confident enough to perform six metres above the ground. Since then he has become one of the few people in the world who can do four somersaults one after the other.

There are many risks involved in this job. Trapeze artists need to work with a partner they can depend on. When flying through the air at 60 mph, they have to be sure their partner will catch them. “Many times in the past, if I hadn’t had a partner I could trust, I would have fallen and probably hurt myself seriously,” says Chris.

People who work in the circus love the risks and the thrill of their profession. Broken bones are part of the job. “I just wish they didn’t take so long to mend,” Chris explains. He earns $500 per week, but it is certainly not easy money.

B.

There are only two hundred combat soldiers in the British Army who can parachute into the sea, dive for hours in freezing waters and then spy in enemy territory successfully. James Rennie is one of them. This isn’t his real name because his own identity has to be kept secret. “It’s a very exciting job, but it’s also tough and dangerous. You have to be courageous,” says James. It takes five long years of training before such a soldier can go on a special mission. According to James, the toughest part of the business is spying. “I’ve been on a lot of missions that involve this kind of work. If the enemy had caught us, they would have killed us.” $45000 per year might sound a lot, but few people would risk their lives for less.

C.

Most patients are thankful for the care they get from their doctors, but when it comes to animals it’s a different story. Every vet knows that animals are much more likely to turn round and bite rather than thank them. Steve Divers is an experienced vet and has been bitten by countless cats and dogs. With more dangerous animals, he takes special care. For example, with poisonous snakes, he keeps them in a cloth bag, and uses a metal instrument to keep the head down and the teeth away from his hands. “If I didn’t know how to handle some animals, I would probably have permanent scars by now,” Steve says. Although it takes many years of study to become a vet, it is a very rewarding and well-paid career. “All animals in need must be treated. I would never ignore a sick animal, even if it was dangerous to kill me,” says Steve.

Grammar:

1)If Past Simple + Future Simple in Past (would+V)

If we had a car we would drive to Ulaanbaatar. (We don’t have a car)

If Past Perfect + Future Perfect in Past (would + have + Participle II)

If you had followed my directions you would have found the house. (criticism. You didn’t find.)

2) wish + Past Simple. I wish I knew his phone number. (I don’t know)

Wish + Past Perfect. I wish I had called him. (I didn’t call)

Unit 15 “Panic is rare.”

Imagine this scene: a woman inside a cage in the sea, with sharks all around her. Wouldn’t you expect the woman to feel terrified? Not Gill Williams – she finds such experiences absolutely thrilling. Gill is an “extreme” spots woman – an adventurer who takes sport to its most dangerous limits.

“I love scary animals”, says Gill. “I love being near them and touching them. Great white sharks come and attack the bars of the cage. I touch them, bite me!” There are more people like Gill than you might think. They leave their offices and businesses to spend their free time doing extremely dangerous things. Some of them fly jets across deserts or go diving in unexplored caves, while others explore African rivers. All of them want to experience something more than their normal lives can offer. They want adventure.

Bob Card is a skydiving trainer. He teaches people to leap out of aeroplanes and let themselves fall through the air without opening their parachutes until the very last minute.

“I believe there is an adventurer inside every one of us,” he says. “If doesn’t matter how old or strong you are. The adventurer is there – it’s just hidden away somewhere. If you find that spirit, your life will take on new meaning.”

One advantage of doing extreme sports to satisfy your need for adventure is that you can completely forget about your everyday problems. As Bob Says: “You can’t be concerned about business phone calls or examination results when you’re jumping out of a plane.”

How much danger can person take? According to Sandra Quiggen, panic is rare, even when you come face with a bad – tempered hippopotamus on the Zambezi River. “You get scared,” she says. “Those hippos have big teeth. But a little fear makes the brain work faster, as long as you don’t let it turn into panic.”

There is an element of risk in all extreme sports. “If you don’t do things right, you are asking for trouble,” says Card. But training and proper equipment help to make these sports safer. The difference between extreme sport and “normal” sport is that, although there are organized competitions for these sports, most extreme sports people are more interested in testing their own abilities than in winning prizes. In fact, most of them would agree with mountaineer Sir Edmund Hilary’s reply when asked why he wanted to climb Everest: “Because it’s there.”

Unit 16. “London's burning”

The Viking had tied a weight around the professor’s legs, and he sank quickly into the water. He didn’t feel the cold; he didn’t feel anything. The water was black, and he could feel himself being pulled down. Then the weight broke off, and the ropes around his arms and his arms and legs came free. The years was 1666. A horrible plague had killed 75.000 people in London, and now their city was burning . Everyone thought that they were cursed. Once he was our of the river, James saw some people passing buckets of water from one person to the next trying to put out the fire. He decided to help them . He also told them that the city would be rebuilt in a bigger and better way.

“How do you know al this ?” one man asked suspiciously.
“Perhaps he’s a Dutch spy,” another said.
“Maybe he’s the one who started the fire,” the first man added.
England was at war with the Dutch , and many people thought that they had set London on fire . The people dropped their buckets and began chasing the professor.

He ran through the streets of London with the angry crowed chasing after him and buildings burning all around. He ran into a dead-end street. There was a wall in front of him. All he could do was waited for the crowd to close in on him.

They dragged James to the palace. The professor also saw Chistopher Wren, the famous architect who would rebuild most of the churches in London, and he was amazed at the historical significance of the moment. It almost made him forget the trouble he was in

The charges against James were read out of the king, accusing him of being a spy and the possible cause of the fire.
“Even if I told you the truth ” he said , “you wouldn’t believe me”
The king told him he would be sent to the Tower if he did not answer the charges. James didn’t think they would believe him, but he told them it was the King’s baker who had started the fire by accident and that it had spread because of the wind and because all the buildings were made of wood. Everyone listened with interested. King asked him how he knew this.
“I’m from the 21st century. I’ve sent here by mistake,” she said.

Everyone began to laugh. The King was furious. He thought the professor was treating him like a fool.
When they placed his head on the block, James hoped that he would be saved again from death, but he didn’t feel sure.
His heart beat wildly and his mind raced.
“I just want to get back to the 21st century,” he said.
Then he heart a thud as the as the axe hit the block.

Units 11-13

Unit 13. “Nature’s Fury”

Reading and Vocabulary
Mount St Helens, the volcano in Clark County , Washington State , erupted on Monday morning .The disaster has caused at least ten deaths as well as massive destruction in that region of the state. The mountain was hit by two earthquakes just before half past eight. Then , at eight thirty two , the top of the mountain was blown off by an explosion that was heard two hundred miles away. Huge blocks of ice and rock fell onto the surrounding area end the mountain was left 1,300 feet shorter . Then the tremendous heat inside was released . Hot ash and gas come out of the mountain , causing a lightning storm as it rose into the air . White ash , along with steam and thick mud , continue to pour from the giant crater left by the explosion.

At each state of this dramatic eruption people have been killed . The explosion caused the first casualties ; several people were injured or died due to the force and heat of it. Then the hot ash started fires which have burned vast areas of forest , causing more deaths . Fortunately , fire fighters have managed to put most of them out . The volcanic cloud was so large and dark that it was said to have turned day into night , forcing airports to close temporarily . One more life was lost as a pilot flew his aeroplane into the cloud and hit electricity cables .mud from the volcano is running down the mountainside and filling rivers , causing flooding . People living nearby have been forced to leave their homes as the water continues to rise .

Rescue workers have picked up casualties and survivors by helicopter , and are moving them away from the dangerous areas . More victims are expected to be found during the next few days . one witness said that it had been like the end of the world . “I really thought we were all going to die , “ jerry Irvine said . “ I’ve never been so terrified in my life .”

Scientists say that the top of the mountain had been ‘growing’ by five feet per day for several weeks before the explosion . they say that ash and mud cloud continue to pour out of St. Helens for up to fifteen years. Meanwhile , the people of Clark County are learning to cope with nature’s fury.


Volcano-галт уул
Erupted-галт уул дэлбэрэх
Disaster-аюул осол
Cause-шалтгаалах
Least-бага
Deaths-үхэл
Massive destruction-том сүйрэл
Earthquakes-газар хөдлөх
Blown off-салхи зогсох
Explosion-тэсрэлт
Surrounding-хүрээлэн, эргэн тойрон
Released-суллах, чөлөөлөх
Ash-үнс нурам
Gas-газ
Steam-уур
Casualties-шархдагсад
Force-үүний нөлөөгөөр
Vast-өргөн уудам
Temporarily-түр хугацаагаар
Flooding-үер
Rise-өсөх нэмэгдэх
Victims-хохирогчид
Growing-өсөх нэмэгдэх
Pour out-урсах гоожих
Fury-уур хилэн

Unit 12 "The Vikings"

The professor never felt the crocodiles' teeth. The guards let go of him, and he was falling through the air, then everything went black. When he opened his eyes, he was on a Viking ship in the icy waters off the coast of Greenland.

He suddenly realised that he travelled through time only he was close to death. But how had this time travelling started? only his colleague knew the answer, and he was far away.

The year was 986 AD, and Erik the Red, the famous Viking explorer who discovered Greenland, was leading his men on another adventure. No one noticed James. He was at the back of the boat, in a corner. The other men were rowing and looking straight ahead.

Erik was a big man. he had red hair, a red beard and a red moustache. He wore a helmet on his head, like the others, with horns coming out of the sides. When he saw James sitting doing nothing, he yelled at him to take an oar and help out. Neither he nor the other Vikings took any notice of the fact that he looked completely different from them.

When they reached land, he too was given a sword and a shield. Someone even out a horned helmet on his head. They were going into battle against men who had occupied a castle near the coast. Professor Kearns tried to avoid the fighting, but he had no choice. One of the enemy warriors ran at him with a sword, but he blocked it with his shield then knocked the man to the ground. He stood over him with his sword raised, but he didn't want to kill the man. Suddenly, he heard a woman scream.

Near the castle wall, a Viking was chasing a woman with long blonde hair. The Viking grabbed her by the hair and threw her to the ground. James ran towards her, picked up a club and hit the Viking over the head. He helped the woman to her feet and looked into her bright green eyes.

"Don't worry," he said. "I'm not going to hurt you."

Erik had seen James knock the Viking down, and sent hims men to grab him and the woman and take them back to the boat. he had their hands and legs tied, and he said he was going to throw them into the icy waters as soon as they set sail.

"You'll be dead before you even realise you're in the water."

The woman's name was Ula. Her people had been fighting the Vikings for years, and she had seen her brothers and her parents killed. She thought it was better to die than to live without them.

"Don't say that," the professor said. "You have to want to live. To give up hope is like saying life was never worth living, and that simply isn't true. "

The greenness of Ula's eyes fascinated him. They looked sad, innocent and beautiful at the same time.

Ula was able to freeone of her hands. She reached into the pocket of her dress and took out a small, round piece of wood. Carved in the centre was the face of an animal. Ula explained that it was the white fox, and her people gave it to travellers before they left on a journey to bring them good luck. "You're a kind man and I want you to have it," she said. She put it into the pocket of his jacket, ans as she did so, Erik and some of the other Vikings came to take them to the boat's edge.

The water was so cold they would probavly die not long after they were thrown into it. The professor looked once more at Ula, the he was thrown into the water.

New words:
colleague, leading, rowing, ahead, helmet, horns, oar, took any notice of, shield, battle, occupied, raised, club, chasing, tied, realise, greenness, fascinated, innocent, Carved, edge

Unit 11 “Narrow Escapes”

A David
David Franklin was riding his motorbike through the Canadian mountains. It was a cool evening. He loved the quiet lonely road and really enjoyed the feeling of speeding along in the fresh air.
“As I was turning a sharp corner, the back tyre skidded. That is the last thing I remember “says David. David lost control of the bike and when he woke up, he was at the bottom of a hill. He was bleeding and his left leg was broken.

He knew he had to get back to the road for help. Slowly, he began the painful crawl up the hill. He was in agony, but kept going.

Eventually he reached the road. A passing car stopped to help him. David felt extremely relieved. He was exhausted, but he knew he was lucky to be alive.

B Eva
Eve hart felt excited when, in 1912, she and her family boarded the famous new ship, the Titanic. It was the first voyage of this amazing ship, and also the last, as the ship never reached its destination. On the fourth day of its voyage the Titanic crashed into a huge iceberg .The engines stopped and water started rushing into the ship.

All around me, people were screaming and running to the lifeboats. My father lifted me into one of them.” Hold your mother is hand and don’t be afraid, he said to me. I was shaking with fear”. Eva’s father stayed behind to help the other passengers. Tragically, there weren’t enough lifeboats for everyone. Eva never saw her father again. “He should have come with us,” she kept repeating as the ship disappeared into the sea.

C Patrick
“Don’t play on the rocks, Patrick!” my mother said as I left the house. It left the house. It was a rather cloudy day, just a week before our holiday was over. The beach was lovely but the tides were dangerous; twice a day the sea came up and covered the rocks.

I was playing on the rocks when suddenly, to my horror, I realized I was surrounded by water. I climbed up higher, but the water was rising fast. The rocks were wet and I kept slipping. I thought I was going to drown.

The water had reached my waist when I saw a fishing boat. I screamed for help. The boat came towards me and the fisherman was able to rescue me just in time. From that day on, I never played on the rocks again.

Units 7-10

Writing an essay about Mongolia and its future

Unit 10 “Citizens 2050” /future tenses/

Can you imagine what our lives will be like in the year 2050? Perhaps you will be flying off for a holiday on the moon, or may be taking your dog for a walk in virtual reality. We recently carried out a survey of 1000 people from different countries to find out what they think life will be like in the future. The result clearly demonstrate both our hopes and fears.

The survey suggests that friendship –one important human relationship –will have changed dramatically. People will make friends through the internet. What is more a large number of people will even come across their future husbands or wives in this way. Computer will have become absolutely essential by 2050. Even now some people describe them as their best friend! Others, however, say that we will become much more isolated from each other because will have little real human contract.

Education will have changed a lot too. As more and more children will be using computers in school, certain abilities, such as mental arithmetic won’t be necessary since there will be computer programs for most calculations. Even writing by hand will be a thing of the past.

According to the survey, home life will be better. Most people believe that by 2050 robots will be doing the housework and we will be eating ready ready-made food. A lot of people think that we might only cook for fun in the future.

Space exploration will become increasingly popular. Fifty per cent of the people we talked to believe that man will regularly visit Mars. They also believe that travel on our own planet will probably change. Almost everyone thinks that there will be no cars in the city center. Some even think that environmentally-friendly electric or solar-powered cars will have replaced the cars we use nowadays.

Pollution is some thing that seems to worry many people. Some fear that it will continue to get worse, and that our planet will become impossible to live on. Others even foresee that one day we’ll have to pay for clean air just like we do now for clean water.

On the other hand, people seem to be quite optimistic about the benefits of genetic engineering, as they think scientists will use it to cure diseases like cancer and AIDS. If scientists manage to find a cure for these, we’ll have much healthier society.

Some people worry about the future, while others are full of hope and enthusiasm. No matter how dark or bright it may seem , it is up to us to look after our planet and try to make it a better place to live.

New words: survey - судалгаа, санал асуулга

result, suggest, dramatically, isolated, human contact, abilities, calculations, space exploration, increasingly, environmentally-friendly, replaced, nowadays, fear, optimistic, society

Unit 9: In the Land of Pyramids

The pteranodon let go of James, but instead of falling through the air, he began to spin slowly , then quickly, as if he were being controlled by some super natural force. Everything was black , but didn’t remember closing his eyes. Suddenly, there were horns blowing and people cheering. He was sitting in the middle of a road, and an army of men riding horses were coming towards him, so he quickly got out of the way. As /=while/ he was brushing the dust off his clothes, he saw that all the people around him were wearing strange robes, with sandals on their feet.

He looked around at the buildings and realized he was in ancient Egypt. The army passed, and Anony and Cleopatra, riding in chariots, were led up to the steps of the palace. When the professor heard Antony call Cleopatra the “Queen of the kings”, he knew that the year must be 34 BC.

A crowd of people had gathered around James. They started touching the brown suit he was wearing, pointing at his shoes and looking at him in wonder. One man , who was short and fat with dark curly hair , asked him if he was a Roman. When he said no, the man asked him what he thought of Antony and Cleopatra’s friendship. “Well, I happen to know that their relationship will end in disaster. Octavian will attack, Egypt will be defeated , and Antony and Cleopatra will commit suicide. ”

“Traitor!, Traitor! ” the man shouted.

Guards who had been standing nearby came and grabbed him. He tried to explain that he was only telling them what he knew about history, but no one was listening. They rushed him off to the royal palace to explain before the roman general and the queen why he had spoken out against them.

Cleopatra was sitting on her throne wearing a long golden dress, while Antony was sitting by her. He was wearing a sliver and red roman military uniform. James , who was being held by two guard, couldn’t believe he was actually standing before Antony and Cleopatra. The fat , curly haired man was there explaining what the professor had said, and Antony was listening patiently.

“And why do you think such a disaster will come to Egypt ?” Antony asked.

He tried to explain that he had traveled back in time from the future so he knew what would happen, what that only worked agent him. Antony was sure the professor had lost his mind, and he asked Cleopatra what they should do with him.

“Feed him to the crocodiles ,” she said casually.

And so it was done. The professor was marched out to a place by the river Nile where crocodiles waited for enemies of the throne to be thrown into the water.
Hundreds of a people were standing behind him screaming ,”trai-tor!tria-tor!trai-tor” Antony and Cleopatra shoot to the side of the crowd in a golden chariot. Two guards held the professor by his arms. He begged them to spare his life, but as soon as Antony gave the signal , James was thrown into the water.

Instead-оронд
Spin-эргэн очих
Controlled-удирдагдсан
Horns- бүрээ
Cheering-уухайлах
Dust-тоос дарах
Strange-сонин, хачин, гайхмаар
Robes-үндэсний хувцас, дээл
Sandal-шаахай
Gathered-цугласан
Touching-уярам, холбогдуулан
Friendship-найрамдал, нөхөрлөл
Disaster-гай, зовлон, сүйрэл
Attack-халдлага, довтлогоо
Defeated-Ялагдах
Suicide-амиа хорлох
Traitor-урвагч
Guards-хамгаалагчид
Grabbed-булаан авах, шүүрэн авах
Explain-тайлбарлах
Roman general-Ромын генерал
Against-эсрэг тулах, тулж мөргөх
Throne-хаан ширээ
Feed-хүнс хооллох тэжээх
Casually-тогтворгүй, хайш яш
Marched-үйл явдал өрнөх

Unit 8. "Hard times"

A.

I moved to London with my family a month ago. I haven't made any new friends yet and I miss my old friends. I'm going to start at my new school next week but I don't want to. I'm afraid my new schoolmates will tease me because of my accent. I think I'll be miserable there. I want to go back to my village. What can I do?

B.

I am a working mother with a two-month-old son. My house is very far from my workplace. If I carry on working there, I'll miss out on the pleasure of spending time with my son. I'm thinking of applying for a part-time job in a place which is much nearer, but if I get the job, I'll earn a lot less money and I'll have no chance of promotion. Could you please help me?

C.

I am 65 and I have always been kept busy with my shop, but I will be retiring in February, so I'm not going to have anything to do. I am an active person and it will be impossible for me to sit around the house. If I spend my time just going on pensioners' trips or walks in the park, I'll feel useless. Any ideas?

1. The best thing you can do is to stop worrying. There are so many things you can do to feel useful. How about taking up a hobby which you never had time before? You could also do some work for charities and help others with your experience and abilities.

2. You ought to think about what is best for your family. If you can afford to live on less money, then you should apply for a part-time job. This will be much better for you because you'll have more time for your son. Alternatively, if your present work has got a child-minding centre for its employees children, I strongly advise you to stay. In this way, you'll be close to your son and you can also seek promotion. Hope this advice is of some help to you.

3. I don't think you should worry so much. Why don't you join a gym? You'll make lots of friends there. If I were you, I wouldn't be afraid of starting of the new school. If you go there with a positive attitude, I'm sure that everything will be OK.

schoolmates, miserable, workplace, miss out on, part-time, chance, active, useless, charities, afford, Alternatively, strongly, positive attitude

Unit 7 "A ghostly welcome"

Lightning flashed across the sky, followed by the crash of thunder. George Phillips was driving carefully along the narrow country lane. It was late at night and he was looking forward to reaching his hotel. Suddenly his car engine died. He tried to start the car again, but nothing happened.

‘’Blast!” he said angrily. Up ahead in the distance he could see a light coming from a castle. He got out of the car and ran quickly through the pouring rain towards the huge building.

George reached the castle’s big wooden door and rang the bell. The heavy door slowly creaked open. In front of him stood a young woman. As she looked up at George her face lit up. ”Oh, please come in out of the rain,”she said. George thanked her and entered a big hall, introduced himself and explained what had happened. She told him that he was welcome to spend the night in the castle and led him into the library. A big crackling fire was burning in the fireplace. George went to warm himself in front of it. The young women offered to make some tea and left the room.

George had been standing there for a few minutes when he heard a voice behind him. “Good evening. I’m Mrs McDougall. My daughter told me we had a guest. Please,have a seat.”

Soon afterwards the daughter came in. She was carrying a silver tray with large teapot and three china cups. After they had finished their tea, Mrs McDougall offered to show him to his room. George was following her up the huge staircase when he heard her weeping.

“Is something wrong?” he asked her.

“I’m so sorry,” she whispered as /=when/ tears ran down her wrinkled cheeks.”it’s just that you remind me so much of my husband. I haven’t seen him for ten years.” The wind was howling outside and George felt a chill run down his spine.

When George woke up the next morning, the sun was shining and the birds were singing. He had slept very well night before and felt refreshed. He put on his clothes, and went downstairs to thank the two women. He had been looking for them for some time before he realized that he was alone in the castle. He wrote a note thanking them for their kindness and returned to his car. To his relief, when he turned the key the car started with roar.

Ten minutes later, George stopped at a cafe to have breakfast. As /=while/ the waitress was filling his coffee cup she said, “That was a terrible storm we had last night, wasn’t it” George nodded and took a sip of hot coffee. He told her that, as his car had broken down, the McDougalls had put him up for the night in their castle. The waitress looked at him in amazement. “But that’s impossible!” she exclaimed. “Nobody has lived in that castle since Mrs McDougall and her daughter died in a car accident ten years ago!” George stared at her in disbelief and, trembling with shock, dropped his coffee cup onto the floor.

Car engine died- машины мотор унтарсан

Creaked open-чахран онгойсон

Stood- зогссон

Lit up- гэрэлтсэн

Hall- заал, коридор

Welcome- урих

Voice- хоолой

Staircase- шат

Whisper- шивнэх

Howling- улих

Chill run down his spine- нуруу нь хүйт оргих

Refresh- сэргээх

Looking for- хайх

Realise- ойлгох, мэдэх

To his relief- санаа амраах

Amazement- гайхалтай зүйл

Exclaim- ууога алдах

Drop- унагах

Unit 3-6

Unit 6 "The Lost World"

Professor James Kearns opened his eyes, everything was different. The air felt heavy and wet. Thick green forests and huge piles of rocks surrounded him.

Suddenly a giant lizard ran from the forest and tried to attack James with its sharp claws, but he was able to dive out of the way. Then another appeared, and another. They all walked on two feet, had long tails, and their heads were like those of alligators. James had only seen these creatures in books before. They were called velociraptors, and they were dinosaurs which liked to kill in groups. Soon, six of these angry-looking creatures were circling him, making horrible growling noises.

He screamed for help, but he only heard his own voice echo through the air. The velociraptors were about to attack when a huge tyrannosaurus broke through the trees. It must have been fifteen feet in height. Two of the velociraptors tried to attack the tyrannosaurs, but the enormous creature grabbed one, killed it with his huge jaws and dropped it on the ground. The others ran away in fear.

Later, James found a cave to hide in. It was a deep, dark cave, but he stayed near the front where there light coming in from outside.

All of his memories were unclear. He and Dr Applebaum had been walking home from the university where they both taught. The doctor had been talking about an experiment he had been working on for quite a long time. “I have seen things you can’t imagine,” he had said. Then everything went black. James looked at the notebook he always kept in his coat pocket. The last entry said ‘it’s as if you are falling. You feel nothing, then, boom, you’re in another time period. ’’

Had the doctor said that? The professor’s head hurt and he felt weak. He lay down for a few moments, and soon he was fast asleep.

The roar of a dinosaur woke him up. It was night-time, and nothing was visible. There was only the sound of something breaking through the trees, then gradually it faded away. He took a lighter from his pocket and used this to start fire. Then he began writing in his notebook, keeping a record of all his thoughts and feelings.

The next day, James left the cave to pick fruit from the nearby trees. While he was out he saw a small baby dinosaur, no bigger than a chicken. It had yellow and green stripes on its back and white legs. It looked so small and harmless that he tried to touch it. Suddenly, something moved in the bushes. A women, dressed in animal skins and carrying a spear, pushed him out of the way. She looked at him as if he had done something wrong, then, ran away quickly. James was shocked at the dinosaur’s viciousness.

‘’Can you speak?” he asked her.

The women seemed confused by his voice. She made a grunting noise, then pushed him away from the fruit trees with her spear.

They were standing in an open area, when a huge shadow covered them both. The women looked up, then jumped out of the way. A flying pteranodon swooped down, picked James up with its sharp claws and flew away.

James looked down and saw the woman staring up at him, but there was nothing she could do.

‘’Somebody help me!” he yelled horrified, but his voice just echoed over the hills and valleys of this prehistoric land.

Pile- овоорсон хад

Lizard- гүрвэл

Claw- сарвуу, хумс

Alligator- матар

Creature- амьтан

Growling noises- архирсан чимээ

Echo- цуурай

Experiment- туршилт

Entry- нэмж бичсэн зүйл

Lay- хэвтэх

Roar- архирах

Visible- харагдах

Gradually- аажмаар

Fade away- холдон нам гүм болох

Nearby- ойролцоохи

Harmless- гэм хоргүй

Bush- бут

Spear- жад

Viciousness- хорлонтой

Confuse- гайхсан

Grunting- хоолойн угаар дуугарах

Swoop- шумбан нисч ирэх

Yell- хашгирах

Unit 5 "Enjoy reading"

A

Frances Clark looked up from the flower she was studying on the soft jungle floor. She left hot and sticky as it was the middle of the afternoon. Everything was strangely quiet. No animal sounds, no rustling of leaves. Suddenly she heard something hissing behind her head. Her eyes grew wide with terror as a huge python wound itself around her. “Help!” She screamed. “Someone help me!”

B

“Oh no, I can’t hold on,” Sammy shouted. He grabbed desperately for the branches of a tree as the freezing water of the river carried him towards the sea. Cold rain was pouring down while the thunder boomed, covering his shouts for help. The bright lighting made the night seem like day. Sammy was stiff from the cold.

C

Jake and Bill were walking through the moonless forest. The snow was falling silently around them. It was about midnight and they were feeling tired. Suddenly, Jake stopped. “There it is,” he whispered to Bill. Slowly he raised his gun, aimed at the dark shape, then fired.

Jungle floor- ширэнгэн ойн ёроол

Strangely- хачнаар

Rustling- сэрчигнэх

Hissing- исгэрэх

Terror- айдас

Wound- ороосон

Scream- хашгирах

Grab- барьж авах

Stiff- хөшсөн

Moonless-саргүй

Fire- буудах

Writing : ''My vacation''

Unit 4

Pacific Paradise Tour

The Pacific Paradice Tour took us to California, on the west coast of the United States, and to the Hawaiian islands in the Pacific Ocean. With beautiful countryside, exciting cities and fantastic beaches, this holiday had everything.

The first place we stopped at was San Francisco, in northern California. This city is famous for its cable cars- and it certainly needs them because San Francisco is extremely hilly and has some very steep roads! By the sea, next to the fishing boats, there are the fish restaurants. Here we enjoyed watching the street actors and musicians as we ate delicious fresh fish. One thing we’ll never forget is the Golden Gate Bridge, which is very big and beautiful.

The next city on the tour was Los Angeles. This city is very exciting and has some very famous attractions. The nearby beaches are long and sandy and the mountains outside the city are high and dry. We visited the beach where they were filming Baywatch. We also went to Disneyland where we saw E.T and shook hands with Mickey Mouse. After that they took us to Hollywood to see the houses of the stars who have made a lot of films- and a lot of money.

The last palace we visited in California was San Diego, a city with sun, sand, sea and all kinds of watersports. We went to the San Diego Zoo which is one of the world’s largest zoos. We also visited Mexico, which is only a short drive away from San Diego.

Finally, we went to Hawaii. It’s paradise! We sat on golden beaches with green palm trees and watched amazing red sunsets. We also saw colorful fish at Sea Life Park and went snorkelling in Hanauma Bay. In the evenings we enjoyed the lively clubs, bars and ice-cream parlours. Best of all, we ate fantastic Hawaiian food while watching Hawaiian people performing traditional Polynesian dances.

This holiday was fantastic. So when you have time, get on the first plane to the coast of the United States and have the time of your life!

West coast-

Pacific Ocean-

Northern-

Cable cars-

Hilly-

Street actors-

Filming-

Shook hands-

Short drive-

Palm trees-

Amazing-

Snorkeling-

Ice-cream parlours-

Traditional-

Unit3

Around the World

Dear Tim

Greetings from Mombasa! It’s such an exotic place! We’re staying at a fabulous hotel. The weather is hot and sticky here.

Yesterday, we went on a safari through Tsavo East National Park. We saw many wild animals there. While we were driving through in our jeep a huge rhino chased us! We’ve been swimming at Nyali Beach almost every day and we’ve got great tans.

The food here is delicious. We’ve been eating mangoes and pineapples and we’ve even tried fish curry!

Love, Barbara and John

Daer Tim

I’m spending a week in Vienna. I’ve never seen such a beautiful city. I’m staying at a lovely guest-house in the town centre. Unfortunately, the weather is a bit cold and rainy.

I’ve seen some magnificent palaces since I came here. Yesterday morning I went to St Stephen’s Cathedral. While I was taking picture someone stole my bag. Luckily, I didn’t have much money in it! In the evening I went to a concert of Strauss’s music – all waltzes, of course!

I’ve been eating a lot ever since I arrived. The food is excellent – especially the cakes. I think I’ve put on weight.

Bye for now, Janet

Dear Tim

Hi! I’m on holiday Crete. I’m staying at a marvelous camp-site by the sea. The weather is warm and sunny.

I’ve seen the incredible Minoan Palace at the ancient city of Knossos. Last week I visited the Archaeological Museum. I have been exploring the gorgeous sandy beaches in the area. Yesterday while I was scuba-diving, I found an amazing underwater cave.

I have been eating a lot of traditional food. I’ve even tried snails. Crete is a wonderful island. I’m having so much fun!

Love, Bob

Fabulous-

Sticky-

Chased-

Tans-

Guest-house-

Magnificent-

Put on weight-

Marvelous-

Incredible-

Ancient-

Exploring-

Gorgeous-

Diving-

Cave-

Traditional-